Mixergy, the smart hot water tank company, has upgraded its entire range of hot water cylinders to allow them to operate with a heat pump at any point during their working life. Once fitted, the multi-use cylinders, which can be used with a gas boiler, mains electricity or solar PV, now give consumers the option to install a heat pump without having to replace the tank. The Mixergy tank is made from high-grade stainless steel to ensure that it lasts at least 25 years. The design team was determined to avoid product obsolescence and prepare the householder for a low carbon future whether using direct electric heating, heat pumps or hydrogen boilers.  Mixergy’s smart hot water tanks use innovative technology to optimise energy use. Using thermal stratification to prevent hot water mixing with cold, Mixergy tanks heat only the water required instead of the whole tank at once when operating with direct electric, gas or PV. This approach, combined with the use of AI techniques that learn to heat water only when it is needed, can save consumers up to 20% on their hot water bills. When connecting a heat pump, installers simply fit the Mixergy Heat Transfer Module (HTM) , which uses an external plate heat exchanger assembly and circulation pump to achieve a more efficient heat transfer and improved volumetric performance. The HTM boosts the heat pump’s coefficient of performance (COP) by up to 10% for water heating whilst the tank is able to store up to 20% more hot water within the same installation volume compared to a coil heated tank. “The government has set a target for 600,000 heat pump installations per year by 2028, which the industry agrees is a challenging goal,” said Dr Pete Armstrong, chief executive officer and co-founder, Mixergy. “By developing a heat-pump ready cylinder, we are offering householders a way to upgrade their water tank now, connect it to their existing boiler and be ready if they choose to install a heat pump in the future. The same tank will continue to work if the gas boiler is upgraded to work with hydrogen or if the customer decides to go all-electric with PV and a smart tariff. Fundamentally, we believe that there are multiple paths to net zero and we are determined that our tanks should be equipped for all without needing to be replaced. This saves money and hassle whilst eliminating the environmental impact of product obsolescence.” The Mixergy cylinder is also available as a slim-line version, which is the smallest heat-pump cylinder on the market, and comes with a 25 year warranty. As well as its multi-use features, Mixergy tanks offer smart scheduling controls through an app and are internet-connected to enable them to work with smart time-of-use energy tariffs, so that consumers have the option to heat their water when electricity prices are low or even negative. Mixergy’s solution was the first domestic hot water product to be certified by National Grid to provide grid flexibility services. Mixergy is working with Centrica to deploy thousands of smart hot water tanks as part of Centrica’s 2.5GW virtual power plant. Mixergy tanks already deliver more than a megawatt of Demand Side Response (DSR) service to the National Grid, time shifting demand to help balance the grid and facilitate the uptake of renewable energy generation.

As an electric arc lamp, a helical xenon flash tube can produce extremely full-spectrum, incoherent, and intense white light for short times. Designers used electrodes on both ends with glass tubing to make the flash tube. When a user triggers it, it produces the light by ionizing and conducting a high voltage pulse. While the photographic platform gets the most use of the helical xenon flash tube, others who employ it are entertainment, industrial, medical, and scientific industries. Construction Bursting with a noble gas, there is a hermetically sealed glass tube in the lamp. This noble gas is typically xenon. Also essential to transmitting electrical current to the gas are the electrodes, and vital to boosting the gas for any trigger occasion is a high voltage power source. Operators also use a charged capacitor for the supply of energy to the flash. With that, when they trigger the lamp, they can have speedy delivery of high electrical current. Glass Envelopes The glass envelopes are made of Pyrex, borosilicate, or fused quartz and typically thin. These can be bent or straight into several different shapes, such as circular, U shape, and helical. Whether because of plastic degradation, laser rod damage, ozone production, or other detrimental impacts, some applications may not need the ultraviolet light emission. As such, users can use doped fused silica in these cases. With that, they can get different cutoff wavelengths on the ultraviolet side when doping with titanium dioxide. However, solarization may impact the material. This case is because they typically use it in non-laser lamps, sun-ray lamps, and medical lamps. Cerium-doped quartz tends to be a better alternative. Since the fluorescence reradiated part of the absorbed ultraviolet as visible, it has higher efficiency and does not suffer from solarization. Users can get their cutoff at around 380 nm. Conversely, they use synthetic quartz as the envelope when calling for ultraviolet. Though its cutoff is at 160 nm and susceptible to solarization, its materials are the most expensive. The rate of the lamp’s power level is in area/watts, and the lamp’s inner wall surface divides the total electrical input power. Essentially, it is quite crucial to cool the lamp envelope and electrodes at high power levels. Lower average power levels can cause enough of the air cooling. Operators use a liquid to cool high power lamps with a tube they use to encase the lamp by flowing demineralized water. The glass will shrink around the electrodes due to water-cooled lamps to provide a direct thermal conductor between the cooling water and the electrodes. There must also be a cooling medium flow across the whole length of the electrodes and lamp. There must also be water flowing across the exposed electrode ends and the continuous-wave arc and high average power lamps. As such, operators can use deionized water to prevent a short circuit. There is a need for above 15 W/cm2 forced air cooling. They can use liquid cooling when in a compact space, and when it is above 30 W/cm2, liquid cooling is required. Because the thinner walls have lower mechanical strain across the material thickness, they can survive loads with higher average-power. Between the cooling water and hot plasma, a temperature gradient caused the mechanical strain. Thus, operators use thinner glass when designing continuous-wave arc lamps. The belief is that with thicker material, it will be possible to handle the shock wave energy impact that can be generated by a short-pulsed arc. As such, they typically use quartz that is about 1 mm thick for flash tube construction. The output power has another limit from the envelope material. The limit for 200 W/cm2 is 1 mm thick fused quartz. However, there may be about 240 W/cm2 for synthetic quartz with similar thickness. Borosilicate and some other glasses don’t have the same power loading capacity as quartz. And because of the increased glass energy absorption resulting from sputtered deposits and solarization, there is a need for some derating for aging lamps. Seals and Electrodes People can use different techniques to seal each tube end as the electrodes protrude into them. They can bond ribbon seals with its thin molybdenum foil strips directly to the glass, and with that, they can have a durable project. However, they will have a limited amount of current passing through. If they are looking for a robust mechanical seal, they can use solder seals for the glass. However, this sealing can only be useful with the low-temperature operation. Rod seal is the most common with laser pumping applications. With this, the designer wet the electrode rod using a different glass type. They will then bind it to a quartz tube directly. They can have a durable seal capable of outweighing high currents and temperature. The glass and the seal need to have a similar expansion coefficient. Users can have low electrode wear with tungsten electrodes. It has the highest melting point for metals and can handle the electrons’ thermionic emission. The byproduct of porous tungsten are cathodes with a barium compound fill. People can get low work functions with it. Therefore, they must tailor the cathode structure for the application. Anodes are made from pure tungsten. They are also made when there is a requirement for good machinability. People machine them to offer additional surface space to handle the power loading. There is mostly a sharp-tipped cathode with DC arc lamps to control temperature and keep the arc away from the glass. And to decrease sputter peak currents may cause and reduce the hot spot event, there is a flattened radius cathode with flash tubes. What also influences electrode design is the average power. Operators must take note to achieve enough electrode cooling when at high levels of average power. The lamp’s life expectancy may significantly reduce through cathode overheating, even when there is lower importance for anode temperature. Regarding the fill pressure and gases, people may have a range of a few kilopascals to hundreds of kilopascals of gas fill

There’s nothing new about flickering lights, electrical wiring, and device installation in the home. Electrical projects are among the most common issues homeowners have to deal with on a daily basis. And because we all know how easy these situations could go south, the first instinct is to fix them. Hiring a technician to fix the problem is something some people deem financially unnecessary. Why spend money when you can do it yourself? However, what most of them fail to acknowledge is that not everyone can handle an electrical project. Going DIY on an electrical project could go south real fast, which could only end up costing you more. Before getting your tool box and going to work, determine whether this is a situation that requires the expert skills of a technician or not. If the project is beyond your skill set, you should call up an electrician for assistance. What are some of the situations you may need to hire a professional to tackle an electrical project in the home? Let’s dive into the article and find out. Rewiring the house Choosing to rewire your house may seem like a great idea until you find other systems such as electrical switches and circuits you never would have known existed. Before you get ahead of yourself, you should know that the house’s wiring is connected to a broader interdependent network. On the surface, it may look simple, but it is more complicated than that. It takes a professional to find their way around the system and rewire the house with no problem. 2. Replacing control panels Flickering lights are a common sign that your control panel has a problem. What you might assume is a minor inconvenience could be part of a bigger problem. Looking up a few guidelines on the internet will not cut it. Your control panel may need servicing or replacement; either way, you need to know the NEC code regulations to do this. The best solution is to call up your local electrician in Surrey and have them look into the problem. 3. Relocating the power grid You may think, ‘Who needs an electrician when you can YouTube your way around relocating a power grid?’ Trust us; it’s not that simple. If you do not want to end up with a blackout or an accident, get a professional electrician to do it. It will save you both time and money to trust your electrical contractor with the project when you think of it. 4. Installing additional light Adding a new light where there was no sign of one requires one to get into the wiring and figure out how to run it to where it is needed. If you have no understanding of outlets and how an electrical circuit works, do not risk it. Call a professional electrician with knowledge, experience, and tools to install an outlet for your light. 5. Tripping circuit breakers Overcoming this kind of problem is straightforward once you determine which appliance is causing your circuit breaker to trip. However, if you’re still unable to determine what’s causing it, then you may need a commercial electrical contractor to step in and help. 6. Power outlets or switches are warm to the touch This can sometimes indicate that an electrical system is overloaded, which can usually lead to electric shocks, and worse, cause fire. Although there are many videos you can find online teaching you how to replace your electrical outlets, replacing or installing an electrical outlet of light switch is a project that needs a licensed and trained electrician.  7. Installing a security system Technology is a gift that keeps on giving and security systems in the 21st century are a testament. As the security systems have upgraded to ensure more safety, the more complicated they have become. The manual instructions that once guided homeowners through the installation are no longer the all-you-need guide. It is best to seek the help of an experienced Surrey electrician to do the installation. While this minimizes your frustration, it also ensures installation is done correctly. Why hire an electrician? Here are some of the reasons you shouldn’t risk solving the above-mentioned electrical problems yourself.  Reduce the risk of short circuit and fires: Incorrect wiring installation at home increases the likelihood of causing a short circuit, which can usually lead to heat build-up, melting your wiring and cause electrical fire. Conforming to building codes: A licensed electrician is required to handle wiring work and conform with building codes. These codes are complicated and detailed and failure to follow it can be dangerous and even make your property difficult to sell.  Final Thoughts Recommending that you hire a professional electrical contractor in these cases does not mean you will no longer change your bulb. As long as you leave the technical stuff to the experts, you can change as many bulbs as you want. What we simply mean is if you do not know your way around an electrical system, it is both safe and convenient to have an expert do it for you. Do some digging on professional electricians in your area and hire one best for your electrical needs.

BOMs in general whether they are manufacturing, or engineering contain all the components necessary to make a finished product and comprise the core building blocks of the product. However, too often BOMs are managed across multiple systems by engineering and manufacturing teams. A lot of professionals work in teams, and as a result challenges are inevitable. For engineering teams more so in the electrical and electronics industry to produce quality products, they require “as-designed bill of materials”. It is no surprise that to get quality products in today’s market requires consistent and clear collaboration which as mentioned before can only be achieved through a BOM. Thanks to Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing and Big data, electronic parts search engines like oemsecrets.com have enabled OEMs, EMS, CMs to use automated EBOM and stop their reliance on manual processes or siloed tools that often lead to uncertainty and confusion in the supply chain and production teams. What is an Engineering Bill of Materials? An engineering bill of materials is used to defines the design of the finished engineering product. It is specific to the design and will not necessarily list all the electronic components needed to ensure the manufacturing goes 100% smoothly and this sometimes falls short if not kept in check. A good project manager should provide support documents highlighting specifications, tolerance and standards expected for the product design. Typically, all manufactured products will start with an EBOM to avoid delays in the overall manufacturing cycle. Why is an Engineering BOM so Important? From our engineering background and years of experience working with electrical and electronic engineers and embed systems engineers we highlighted that even though electronic OEM BOMs exhibit best-in-class manufacturing standards, are reliable for repeat business and near perfect material control they sometimes fall short. Recent examples include gaming consoles, mobile phone project have ended up being delayed for months because of guess what, delays in product development which we can probably say was caused by in accurate bill of materials. Another example of why EBOM are important is if a part being used in a design becomes obsolete the product will need to be replaced and this could alter the electronic design automation (EDA) and CAD drawings since the alternative might have different dimensions need extra power and cause other parts to be swapped for others. e.g., Changing from a 2N3904 transistor to a 2N2222 by Multicomp. This will cause a domino effect in the production process. A manufacturing BOM enables the product to be turned from concept to prototype and eventually transition to a physical product and therefore, creating an accurate bill of materials is vital because it ensures that parts are available just in time when needed as well as supplementing and ensuring that the assembly of product goes efficiently. If for some reason it’s not accurate, production will stop, which reduces the profit margins by increased operation costs. The cost will increase because: Procurement or purchasing engineer will need time to locate missing parts, Machines will be idle and if they are idle they aren’t producing good and thus nor stock to sell, Manpower cost is still is being paid, until the correct process of assembly is determined, If services have been contracted to an EMS then you have to book another production order. This is why EBOMs are important as they can be shown in a hierarchical way i.e., the finished product at the top, down to individual components and materials. BOM management challenges In the past 5 years, we have seen BOM evolve from manual to intelligent cloud based structured systems like what we mentioned in the introduction. The improvement of technology and also the integration with Internet of Things technology has improved our ability as decision makers become more efficient in the way we work.   Unfortunately, no single bill of material is proof enough to be used independently for production as they all have their weaknesses. Therefore, many companies leveraged more than one BOM type. Here is a list of the common challenges of BOM management: Production of Out-of-specification items Purchasing dilemmas Configuration management in regard to maintenance and service Product recall Maintaining up-to-date information If the above challenges are corrected, which often are by good collaboration and automated BOM then the common term of “Nobody owns the BOM” will cease. Article researched and written by electronic components online team Terms and Conditions

National engineering specialist, SES Engineering Services (SES), is set to save 8,000 labour hours by using offsite to deliver £23m of works at the Springfield Hospital redevelopment in Tooting, South London.  Working alongside main contractor Sir Robert McAlpine, SES will provide all mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) works for a state-of-the-art mental health centre set across two new buildings. This will include ventilation and heating systems, VRF cooling and domestic services, as well as specialist electrical systems including nurse call alarms, security, a large image data package and car charging points.  Targeted towards a BREEAM rating of ‘Excellent’, the builds will be delivered next to Springfield Hospital’s existing Grade II listed main site on Glenburnie Rd. The new three-storey non-forensic building will include the main hospital reception, various wards, outpatient departments and training facilities, while the neighbouring forensic building will include four secure wards and a facility management workshop.  SES will use its offsite manufacturing facility, Prism to deliver a significant part of the works for the BIM level 2 project, including 150 corridor and riser modules – saving a total of 8,000 labour hours on site.  The new hospital project is part of a wider regeneration of the former Springfield University Hospital site that will also include the development of more than 800 new homes, a 32 acre park and a new primary school, all of which is set to be delivered by 2024.  Other consultants on the project include architects CF Moller, Arup and EA-RS. SES has recently started on site, with construction expected to complete at the end of 2021.   Steve Joyce, SES’ managing director, said: “This project is central to a wider development scheme, so from the outset we evolved a modular strategy to give the programme surety.  “The building has to be delivered by the end of next year so we had to consider any staffing or material issues that could arise due to the potential challenges of Covid and Brexit, so introducing as much offsite as possible allowed us to really challenge and protect the programme.  “We’ve already worked with Sir Robert McAlpine on healthcare projects in the capital before – including a healthcare facility in Belgravia – and recognise them to be excellent delivery partners with a similar approach to SES in terms of their ethos and approach. It’s fantastic to be part of their team again delivering this exemplary scheme, and delivering similar complex healthcare builds – in London and beyond – forms a key focus of our business strategy moving forward.”  The appointment is the latest project to demonstrate SES’ expertise in delivering complex healthcare projects, with the team most recently completing an expansion at the Royal London Hospital for Barts Health NHS Trust. This award-winning project should have taken 12 months to complete, yet through impeccable collaboration with all the project partners, was delivered in only 5 weeks to support the hospital’s capacity in its fight against Covid-19. 

As employers strive to make environments as safe of possible for staff returning after working from home, many companies are looking at technology to create healthier, safer workspace for their colleagues. One of the main ways that illnesses, including coronavirus, can spread through workplaces is via airborne particles which are then directly inhaled, or can land on surfaces where they recolonise and can be transferred into a host via their hands. A single bacteria cell can multiply to over eight million times in an eight-hour period, which can be a huge problem with multiple colleagues touching hundreds of different surfaces a day. Effective cross infection control needs to be in place to ensure staff confidence and safety. Chemical fogging and air filtration are becoming very popular ways to kill bacteria and viruses in the air, especially in the age of Covid-19, and on surfaces in places of work, but what are the pros and cons of each? Chemical fogging Chemical fogging (sometimes called ‘smoke-bombing’) is the act of spraying a fine coating of disinfectant chemicals across an entire room, including all of the surfaces. It can be used for larger areas where other types of cleaning or decontamination may not achieve full coverage or completely rid the space of bacteria and viruses. During the coronavirus pandemic it has become one of the main ways for many types of businesses to rid spaces of infectious particles. The fine mist reaches into corners and difficult to reach areas and can also penetrate porous surfaces. It also means surfaces do not need to be rinsed afterwards, which can be a benefit. Chemical fogging is very effective at removing microbiological contamination. It is a quick and efficient way to kill germs and viruses on surfaces, however once complete, viral or bacterial colonisation will recommence. The process needs to be repeated regularly to keep control of bacteria and viruses from building up again. To effectively decontaminate an area using chemical fogging it needs to be completely free of people until the process has finished. The area will need to be ventilated for up to 60 minutes after fogging process has taken place and left for a period of up to four hours before employees can return, which can be disruptive for workforces. Fogging is not a one-product fits all solution. There are many types of disinfectant, which can only be effective on certain types of virus or bacteria, so the cleaning specialist would need to advise on the best product for requirements. The cost of chemical fogging starts from around £250 per hour, however it will need to be repeated every time there is a case of infection, meaning the cost to the business can soon mount up, depending on the size of the area. Air Sanitisation Units Air sanitisers such as the new Steraspace range from Airdri help to control infections by killing bacteria and viruses, mould and fungi. As an added advantage the units also remove pollen, pollution, smoke and odours. The Steraspace range from Airdri is unique in that it works by producing a continuous flow of disinfecting plasma into the air generated by combining photo catalytic disinfection, germicidal irradiation and dual waveband UV technology. The technology has been tested at Porton Down and is proven to kill 98.11% of airborne and 99.6% of surface micro-organisms. Steraspace has also been tested by the Health Protection Agency and the efficacy results show that within five minutes 96-98% of airborne viruses were eliminated. Depending on the size of the room, the cost of installing an air sanitisation unit starts at around £250 and once installed the unit can work continuously in the background, constantly sanitising the area and surfaces in the room. When it comes to the economic factors of keeping your office safe, the Steraspace is definitely the more cost-effective option – the units cost as little as £2 a month to run, with an annual outlay of around £50 for a new bulb. Other options for cross infection control: Ultra-Violet Light These blue lights can be very effective, the germicidal waveband UV will kill most micro-organisms, however direct contact with this waveband of UV is harmful to humans and so must be shielded. Although this then also significantly reduces the contact with any micro-organisms. Filtered Pumps and Fans Whilst more of an air-purifier system than air-sanitation, HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filters work by trapping micro-organisms in fine fibres arranged into a matt to intercept particles. However, all of the air in the room must pass through the filter in order for it to be purified; some viruses are so small they flow straight through the filters and they escape back into the air. This method does not sanitise surfaces and requires regular filter changes, which can be costly. Bleach and Liquid Solutions Bleach can kill 99.9% of viruses and bacteria and is a strong and effective disinfectant, however it is also harsh on skin and traces of it on surfaces can cause irritation. It can also erode and damage some materials so only suitable for use in certain areas. Once an area has been cleaned with bleach or liquid solution, the colonisation of bacteria starts very quickly after. This approach also only focusses on surfaces and not the sanitisation of the air.

Indoor levels of air pollutants are two to five times higher, on average, than outdoor levels, the BBC reports. Indoor air pollution is typically caused by common building materials (like paint, flooring and furniture finishes), which release harmful gases or particles into the air. Poor indoor air quality is linked to health issues like poor attention span and cognition, respiratory illness, irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, and even cancer. By designing buildings to improve indoor air quality, both commercial and residential buildings can be made safer and healthier than ever before.  Air purifiers Indoor air pollution in homes, schools, and nurseries is a growing problem that’s been found to cause a myriad of health issues in children (including, asthma, eczema, wheezing and conjunctivitis). Common sources of indoor air pollution include cleaning products, aerosol sprays, damp, mould, dust, and chemicals from paint, building materials and furnishings. Tobacco smoke, in particular, is a major health hazard linked to illnesses like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Fortunately, installing air purifiers can trap and remove harmful particles and help ensure safe and clean air. The best air purifier for tobacco smoke will feature a CADR (clean air delivery rate) of over 300, which makes the purifier as efficient as possible. It should also be a size suitable for use in the room intended to maximise smoke removal while on a quieter setting. Biophilic design The biophilic principle — which incorporates live greenery in building design — is undoubtedly a trend here to stay. Living walls, in particular, feature entire walls of plants, and are a popular way of using biophilic design in both residential and commercial buildings. Biophilic design has a number of health and environmental benefits. In particular, plants are naturally good at purifying the air and turning carbon dioxide into oxygen, which ultimately improves air quality and decreases humidity. Snake plant, for example, is an attractive plant that’s easy and low maintenance to care for; it works to remove harmful chemicals, including benzene, trichloroethylene, formaldehyde, xylene and toluene, and clean the air.  VOC free Building materials like paint, flooring, caulking, adhesives and sealant commonly off-gas harmful chemicals for years after they’re installed. VOCs (volatile organic compounds), in particular, are a serious element contributing to poor indoor air quality, and have been linked to a number of health issues, including, headaches, nausea, dizziness, asthma, liver and kidney damage, cancer, and central nervous system damage. Opting for water-based coatings and non-toxic materials can minimise exposure to VOCs and promote healthy indoor air. Flooring, for example, can also be made from natural wood, stone or marble, and laid with sisal, wool and coir carpets. These materials are cost effective and durable, and don’t emit harmful VOCs.  Paying attention to indoor air quality is an increasingly important part of building design and construction. Air purifiers, biophilic design, and low-VOC materials can help ensure healthy indoor air quality in commercial and residential buildings. 

Viessmann has created an air ventilation solution to combat the spread of COVID-19 in schools. The company’s unique new hybrid ventilation unit, the Vitovent 200-P, provides closed rooms with constant air circulation of filtered air. This greatly reduces the risk of occupants breathing in contaminated aerosols which can spread across indoor spaces and hang in the air for hours, especially in winter when windows are more likely to be closed and heating operating. The Vitovent 200-P counteracts the danger of contaminated aerosols by applying the principle of displacement ventilation. This works by providing a constant supply of filtered fresh air into the room at low velocity through diffusers close to the floor, then extracting the air near ceiling height after it has risen due to heat exchange with occupants’ bodies. Good air quality and a comfortable learning atmosphere are ensured by the constant supply of fresh air with heat and moisture recovery, the continuous air circulation, and the extraction of air containing CO2 and VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) pollution. Viessmann’s Co-CEO, Maximilian Viessmann, commented: “As a 103-year-old family business, we are committed to designing living spaces for generations to come. Right now, it is crucial that we quickly and pragmatically safeguard our children to maintain a part of their social life and access to education in these challenging times.” The effectiveness of the Vitovent 200-P was proven in a pilot project at the Hans-Viessmann-School, a vocational training institution with about 1,000 students in the town of Frankenberg, Germany. Occupants of the school commented on the system’s quiet operation and a noticeable improvement in air quality. Work has since begun on supplying the system – which can be easily and inexpensively retrofitted by replacing a window panel with an isopanel – to a further 50 schools and social institutions in Germany. A separate announcement will be made when the Vitovent 200-P becomes available in the UK. In addition to making schools safer, the system can be equally beneficial in universities and other indoor spaces which remain open and busy with people despite the risk of coronavirus infection. The Viessmann Group also took measures earlier this year to help society fight the coronavirus pandemic by converting part of its manufacturing facilities in Allendorf, Germany, to produce its own ventilators, mobile intensive care units, respiratory protective face masks, and hand sanitizer. The design of Viessmann’s gas boilers, with their electronic gas and air connections, lent itself well to the design and development of a simplified ventilator in a short timeframe.