In a world where architectural beauty often steals the spotlight, the grim reality of fire safety lurks in the shadows—especially in high-rise buildings. The spectre of Grenfell continues to loom large, urging us to reassess our priorities when it comes to safeguarding lives. We have delved into the timeline of what regulatory changes have been made and what still needs to be done, to try to prevent tragedies like this from being repeated. Regulatory Changes Post Grenfell Shortly after the seven-year anniversary of the Grenfell fire tragedy, which claimed 72 lives, came the alarming news of a tower block in East London that caught fire over the August bank holiday weekend, also due to non-compliant cladding. Thankfully, no lives were lost in this incident, but homes were destroyed and cherished possessions lost. While the building was in the process of removing the unsafe cladding, we must ask: is enough being done quickly enough to address cladding safety issues? This has led us to examine the timeline of regulatory changes aimed at preventing such tragedies. It’s important to note that cladding itself isn’t inherently dangerous. It serves as a protective layer, providing thermal insulation, weather resistance and aesthetic enhancement. However, we must ensure that materials are safe to use for these purposes. The Tragedy of Grenfell in 2017 Several factors led to the catastrophic outcome of the fire, but three key considerations are essential for any retrofitting cladding or facade project: the choice of cladding material, the risk of fire spread and the adequacy of fire safety measures. In the case of Grenfell Tower, the use of aluminium composite material (ACM) panels with a highly flammable polyethylene core posed a significant risk. Compounding the issue was that the cavity barriers that were designed to prevent fire spread in the ventilation gaps were either ineffective or poorly installed. Furthermore, the building was severely lacking in fire suppression systems, with no sprinklers and only a single escape route, creating a perfect storm for disaster. Immediately Post Grenfell In 2018, Dame Judith Hackitt urgently reviewed fire safety and building regulations, resulting in the discontinuation of desktop studies for evaluating fire protection. This left many practices in a dilemma about which products and combinations to specify. Common materials once deemed acceptable for taller buildings, such as certain cavity trays and timber decking for balconies, were no longer acceptable due to combustibility. This created a significant gap in the industry as manufacturers struggled to meet the demand for safe alternatives. Additionally, many building materials needed retesting, causing further delays in the availability of compliant products for taller structures. The Introduction of the Building Safety Act In July 2020, the UK Parliament enacted the Building Safety Act, which came into effect in April 2022. This legislation promised to clarify building standards and enhance the competence of those overseeing higher-risk buildings. In 2023, a “higher-risk building” was  then defined as any structure of 18 meters (or seven stories) high, containing two or more residential units. This definition was updated to exclude care homes, refurbishments, hospitals, and hotels. Additionally, the act introduced three ‘Gateways’ that must be navigated from the initial planning phase through construction and post-occupation. For a building to be registered with the Building Safety Regulator (BSR) for process through to occupation, the industry must meet specific criteria at each Gateway. The Golden Thread Gateway 1 – covers the design stage and has been in effect since August 2021. During this phase, the Building Safety Regulator (BSR) reviews planning applications and base project information, to ensure that building designs adequately address fire safety concerns before granting planning permission. Gateway 2 – pertains to the preconstruction stage, with a 12-week determination period that began in October 2023. No construction can commence until the BSR approves the building control application and confirms that the design complies with building regulations. Gateway 3 – focuses on occupancy and came into effect in October 2023, featuring an 8-week determination period. A building cannot be occupied until the BSR assesses the overall construction and ensures it meets regulatory standards, culminating in the issuance of a completion certificate. These Gateways have introduced a new role for the BSR, which now decides on building applications, replacing local building control and approved inspectors. An accountable person, such as the building owner, freeholder, or management company must continuously evaluate safety risks and provide a ‘Safe Case Report’ that outlines how these risks are managed. The determination periods for Gateways 2 and 3 are shaping the construction industry, as the law is enforced, and companies adapt to enhance resilience and compliance. Effects of the introduction of the BSR As a result, there have knock-on effects on the industry. Cindy Cane, Senior Fire Safety Consultant at ORSA, an independent compliance consultancy specialising in all matters relating to health, safety, fire and the environment comments, “delays through process changes bring about cost increases and lessening interest by contractors to tender for such works.” Cindy also comments that concerningly, any delays in remediation also have yet more repercussions on the building’s residents and adds that owners of units in high-risk buildings face higher insurance costs and a scarcity of insurance companies offering to cover leaseholders. They also face difficulty selling units with unsafe cladding and longer periods of increased leasehold costs, that may include interim fire safety actions such waking watch patrols and additional detection and fire alarms. BSR Future Plans The BSR is actively addressing noncompliant cladding, having already assessed 40% of occupied high-risk buildings. When recladding is necessary, the goal is to closely replicate the original facade design and colours to secure planning permission. Typically, improvements in thermal performance and fire protection accompany these efforts. Performance indicators are continuously reviewed to determine any additional actions or guidance needed for stairs and ramps, emergency egress for disabled access and automatic water fire suppression systems. The recent Autumn Budget has promised to improve ‘building safety and accelerating remediation of unsafe housing in response to Grenfell Tower fire’ with over £1

By Alex Bardett, Managing Director at Ambar Kelly With the Grenfell Tower tragedy bringing fire safety in higher risk buildings (HRB) sharply into focus, the role of riser shafts in reducing fires and improving safety has never been more important. However, they still face many misconceptions. Alex Bardett, Managing Director of Ambar Kelly, underlines the importance of educating the industry on the truth behind these misconceptions and the vital role that modular riser flooring can play in improving HRB fire safety. When it comes to fire safety, the construction industry faces many challenges, not least a lack of understanding of the perils of installing combustible materials in any UK buildings. This is exacerbated by the perceived notion that non-combustible materials are more expensive. As the Grenfell Tower inquiry highlights, the chosen material can have a significant impact on the spread of fire and smoke throughout any building – especially HRBs. In fact, the tragic Grenfell Tower fire in 2017 involved a combustible material being lit and then, amongst other things, a fire rising in a void and forming a vertical shaft due to the lack of a horizontal fire break. Furthermore, the King’s Cross station fire of 1987 involved a shaft ‘trench effect’, when a discarded match lit a combustible material and then developed into a ‘flash over’ due to the fire rising in the ‘trench’ of the wooden escalators. While upcoming Building Regulation changes are set to sharply focus attention on fire testing and certification, more education is needed on the vital roles that non-combustible products play in improving fire safety in HRBs. Upcoming changes to building regulations and fire safety The Ministry of Housing, Communities, and Local Government (MHCLG) recently issued a new parliamentary statement that will see changes to fire safety and evacuation provisions, including Approved Document B. Fire safety information must be given to the relevant dutyholder when the project is complete or when the building is first occupied. To further support enhanced fire safety from 2nd March 2025 onwards, the new updates will remove references to the national classification system for fire resistance, known as BS476. Parts 6 and 7 will require construction products to be classified in accordance with EN13501-1, with performance classes A1 and A2 for non-combustible products and B, C, D, and E for combustible products.   Non-combustible products are believed to be more expensive Non-combustible steel plate materials, featuring pre-cut holes for M&E services that are covered by a lid, are often seen as being too expensive. While the initial cost will typically be more, that cost won’t increase as the project progresses. However, the outlay for combustible GRP grating riser flooring options will increase over time, due to post-installation works. For example, GRP grating has to have holes cut into it to account for any services being fed through. Temporary fire doors will need to be fitted on every floor to meet codes of practice and prevent the spread of fire during construction, as by its very nature, grating allows smoke and flame to pass through. This increases the overall project cost. Products are often labelled as having a fire rating – that doesn’t mean they’re not combustible Specifiers will often see suppliers promoting products that have a BS476 Part 6 & 7 fire rating, which is actually a measure of the spread of flame. This is typical for GRP grating used by UK contractors as a riser flooring solution. However, all GRP grating is combustible and will add fuel to any fire that occurs in a riser shaft. The Grenfell Tower inquiry found this surface spread of flame test (BS476 Part 6 &7) does not measure combustibility, hence why it’s being withdrawn on March 2025. If the designed product for riser flooring in an HRB is specified as non-combustible at Gateway 2, contractors may believe the GRP grating has the required ‘fire rating’ and attempt to hand the project over to ‘Gateway 3’. However, despite it having a BS476 Part 6 or 7 declaration, it is combustible, meaning it will likely be rejected. Which leads us to… Mistaken assumptions of responsibility (or lack of) Often, a contractor will be under the impression that the product’s supposed fire rating is correct, handing over the project to the next person in the chain. Indeed, there are many occasions when a main contractor will say ‘The sub-contractor has bought it and said it’s fire rated, so it’s not my problem.’ However, the situation isn’t always that straightforward. Unfortunately, the main contractor will often hold all the risk and they won’t even realise they’re in this position. Additionally, if a non-combustible class A1 steel riser flooring product is specified in Gateway 2 and replaced by a combustible Class C GRP product, this needs to be recorded in the change control plan so the impact of these combustibility changes can be considered by the relevant teams. Furthermore, it must be documented before the Building Safety Regulator (BSR) signs off the building for handover at Gateway 3. Education is essential Helping suppliers and main contractors understand the benefits of non-combustible materials will go a long way towards improving fire safety in the built environment. The Golden Thread will ensure that anyone involved has up-to-date information readily available, ensuring a better understanding of the fire risks of using certain materials and the earlier identification of issues.    Industry leaders and the government also need to ensure quality standards are adhered to and regulations met. This will improve the quality of materials being used in construction for the benefit of the end user. While it’s essential that contractors know their responsibilities if they change a specified non-combustible product for a cheaper combustible alternative, suppliers also play a huge role. Their products must be tested and certified to EN13501-1 to allow design teams and contractors to make an informed comparison between products. With fire safety a vital aspect of any building’s construction, it’s imperative contractors are aware of the non-combustible opportunities, and associated benefits, available to them.